The Different Types of Charts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 920 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Area Chart Figure 1: Area chart Use it to * Display over time (or any other dimension): * How a set of data adds up to a whole (cumulated totals) * Which part of the whole each element represents Variants * Percentage: The sum always represents 100% (relative scale) * Cumulative: The sum can vary according to the elements (absolute scale) Column/Bar Chart Use it to * Present few data over a nominal (e. g. countries, testing conditions, or interval scale (e. g. time); useful for comparisons of data Do not Use it for * Comparisons: Better use one-dimensional scatterplots, because these are not dominated by bars or columns. * Larger data sets: Use line charts. Selecting Bars or Columns * Use analogy as a selection criterion, if applicable; when in doubt, use columns * Use a horizontal bar chart if the labels are too long to fit under the columns Variants Multiple Column/Bar Chart: Use it to present data rows for several variables * Side-by-Side Chart: Use it to (1) show contras ting trends between levels of an independent variable, (2) if comparisons between individual pairs of values are most important; do not use for more than two independent variables | | | Figure 2: Multiple column chart (left), side-by-side chart (right) Segmented Column/Bar Chart Other Names: Divided or stacked column/bar chart Figure 3: Segmented column chart (relative values) Use it to * Present a part-whole relation over time (with accurate impression, see below) * Show proportional relationships over time * Display wholes which are levels on a nominal scale Segmented column/bar charts are more accurate than pie chart, because distances can be more accurately estimated than areas. Frequency Polygon, Histograms Figure 4: Histogram as frequency distribution Variants Polygon: Connects data points through straight lines or higher order graphs * Histogram: Columns/bars touch; useful for larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Staircase Chart: Display s only the silhouette of the histogram; useful for even larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Step chart: Use it to illustrate trends among more than two members of nominal or ordinal scales; do not use it for two or more variables or levels of a single variable (hard to read) * Pyramid histogram: Two mirror histograms; use it for comparisons Line Chart Figure 5: Line chart Use it * To display long data rows * To interpolate between data points * To extrapolate beyond known data values (forecast) * To compare different graphs * To find and compare trends (changes over time) * To recognize correlations and covariations between variables * If the X axis requires an interval scale * To display interactions over two levels on the X axis * When convention defines meaningful patterns (e. g. a zigzag line) Line graphs may consist of line or curved segments: Lines: Use straight lines to connect real data points * Curves: Use curves to represent function al relations between data points or to interpolate data Do not Use it * If the X axis has non-numeric values Variants * Graph with double-logarithmic or half-logarithmic scale divisions * Graph with variance bars, stock charts (High/Low/Close) etc. Pie Chart Figure 6: Pie chart Use it to * convey approximate proportional relationships (relative amounts) at a point in time * compare part of a whole at a given point in time Exploded: emphasize a small proportion of parts Do not Use it * For exact comparisons of values, because estimating angles is difficult for people. * For rank data:Â  Use column/bar charts in this case; use multiple column/bar charts for grouped data * If proportions vary greatly; do not use multiple pies to compare corresponding parts. Caution! * Pie charts cannot represent values beyond 100%. * Each pie chart is valid for one point in time only. * Pie charts are only suited to presenting quite a few percentage values. Angles are harder to estimate for people th an distances; perspective pie charts are even harder to interpret. Scatterplot | | | Figure 7: One-dimensional scatterplot (left), two-dimensional scatterplot (right) Variants 1. One-dimensional scatterplot: Data point are drawn above a baseline (as in column/bar charts). Here the data points are not connected but remain isolated data points. 2. Two-dimensional scatter plot: Shows correlation between two data sets. This chart type has two dependent variables: One is plotted along the X axis, the other along the Y axis; the independent variable is the intersection of both dependent variables, realized as a data point in the diagram. Use it to * Show measurements over time (one-dimensional scatterplot) * Convey an overall impression of the relation between two variables (Two-dimensional scatterplot) Do not Use it for * Determining and comparing trends, interpolation, extrapolation, recognition and comparison of change rates * More than one independent variable: Avoid illustrating m ore than one independent variable in a scatter plot A histogram typically shows the quantity of points that fall within various numeric ranges (or bins). * A bar chart uses bars to show frequencies or values for different categories. * A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie. * A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order. * A bubble chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot where a third variable is represented by the size of the points. A Polar area diagram, sometimes called a Coxcomb chart developed by Florence Nightingale is an enhanced form of pie chart. * A radar chart or spider chart is a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point. * A waterfall chart also known as a Walk chart, is a special type of floating-column chart. * A Tree Map where the areas of the rectangles correspond to values. Other dimensions can be represented with colour or hue. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Different Types of Charts" essay for you Create order

Race, Racism, Or Ethnicity - 1559 Words

The notion of race is prevalent in every society. Rather it is consciously or unconsciously, the idea of race is shaping our everyday lives, from the day we were born, to the one we will die, in school, at work, or simply in the supermarket. Historically, as well as in Contemporary societies, the term race is a rather controversial one, and has raised many questions, due to its lack of proper definition and mostly because of its negative connotations. Associated with ethnicity or racism, it created a lifelong debate about whether or not races are socially constructed. The aim of this essay will be firstly to establish clear definitions of words such as race, racism, or ethnicity, and secondly to explain the evolution of racism, from scientific racism to colour blind racism through the work of ideologists such as Gobineau and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. In order to provide a clear understanding of racism and its evolution throughout the centuries, definitions of few essential ideas are to be explained. Biologically speaking, races does not exist. According to Cornell and Hartmann (1998), they have been created through social interactions and does not exist outside of those. Although the notion of race does not have a definition agreed by all, Winant s definition should be accepted by most of us. He described races as being the symbol of socio-political conflicts and interests in reference to different type of human bodies (2000). As Guillaumin said, Races doShow MoreRelatedRacism, Race, And Ethnicity1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they were expressing three theories on race and ethnicity: the Human Ecology, Social Darwinist, and Culture of Poverty perspectives were all intermingled in the conversation. Recently, race relations has been a topic for debate in the United States, with many saying that racism is a thing of the past. However, based upon my family’s debate, and the many sources that research the issues, it can be seen that the topic of racism, race, and ethnicity are all still relevant topics in America. MyRead MoreThe Race, Racialization, Ethnicity And Racism1384 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare a Dictionary of Races of Races or People. W.E.B. Du Bois observed in the late 1930s that no scientific definition of race is possible. He said Race is a dynamic and not a static conception, and that typical races are continually changing and developing, amalgamating and differentiating. What Du Bois meant in layman’s term was that it is impossible to characterize people based on measurements. Orser begins his book by talking about Race, Racialization, Ethnicity and Racism. Orser says that itRead MoreThe Difference Between Race And Racism Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding the difference between race and racism is a very controversial topic. Even I am trying to understand the difference between the two words. When individuals think about race the first word that comes to mind is racism, I would think its the same, but it’s not. When exploring the web to differentiate the meaning of these two words, one-word that keeps popping up is â€Å"racism†. The words are so similar which makes this topic difficult to write about, but as my English teacher CoarleeRead More Covert Racism in America Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesCovert Racism in America Racism is still a very current issue in America today. By no means is racism as overt as it was fifty years ago with enforced segregation, but today racism is more covert and often hides behind closed doors to only strike out when least expected. Racism has been deceasing and will continue to be decreased only through education. Hopefully, one day racism will cease to exist. But, that day if possible is many years away. Racism still exists in America today. This isRead MoreThe Oxford Dictionary Defines Racism As â€Å"Prejudice, Discrimination,1133 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior.† If further defines the same as â€Å"The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† (Oxford Dictionaries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationalityRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages Race† is a complex word that has a variety of definitions, and one of the definitions in the dictionary lists it as a group of people that share a similar lifestyle, culture, tradition, history, etc. In reality, race itself is ambiguous and can be interpreted in many ways. The concept of race is largely complicated, yet it has seen a major impact in American society, sparking major outcries for many years. The textbook, Rethinking the Color Line: Readings in Race and Ethnicity, goes into substantialRead MoreIn what ways does ones race/ethnicity shape ones life-chances in contemporary society?1710 Words   |  7 Pagescome from. What race or ethnic group we belong to determines our life chances in contemporary society. Ethnicity is the cultural background of a group of people who share a belief in common ancestry. According to Max Weber, ethnic groups are formed by colonisation and immigration. Ethnicity is something we all have but in Australia and in many parts of the world, ethnicity is often applied on minority groups to highlight dominant groups of people on the bases of physical appearance, race, origins orRead MoreRacial Profiling : The United States Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pageswhites as they are pre-judged by their color of skin and the history behind it. Racial profiling is not something new to The United States as for years there has been discriminating practices towards minorities by law enforcement because of race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality and allowing white privilege to continue. Prejudice towards minorities strengthens and continues to grow as the victims of it choose to remain silent due to the fear of a retaliation. The United States of DiscriminationRead MoreWhite Supremacy Is Influencing The Young People Of Today988 Words   |  4 Pagessolutions that could help of the abolishment on White Supremacy is Arrest White Supremacist groups, have racism marked as a crime, and educate the population about racism and the harms of White Supremacy. Some opposing arguments are that White Supremacy is not setting a bad example ,It is helping the environment. However, this argument is not true. White Supremacy is a type of racism that can be taken in many ways. For example, (According to Jamie Liu from White Supremacy/Background .org)Read MoreRace, Ethnicity, Art and Film Essay826 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyze race relations, ethnicity and how art and film relates to these social issues in their cultural context. Art and film have played vital roles in advocating for a society free of ethnicity and racism. Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenon, ethnicity is belonging

A Tale of Two Cities Symbolism free essay sample

An example of symbolism AND imagery is the broken wine cask. As dickens describes the scene outside of Defarge’s wine shop and all the scrambled people, he is able to create a symbol of hunger. I think this hunger is not only the peasant’s starvation, but also metaphorically for political freedoms. For instance, the narrative directly associates the wine with blood, noting that some of the peasants have acquired â€Å"a tigerish smear about the mouth† and portraying a drunken figure scrawling the word â€Å"blood† on the wall with a wine-dipped finger. As he shows such a strong symbol, the imagery is what makes the readers feel like they are actually in the book. The way he describes the setting is horrifying, yet intriguing, which is one of many ways he makes the symbol stand out. â€Å"The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street in the suburb of Saint Antoine, in Paris, where it was spilled. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tale of Two Cities Symbolism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It had stained many hands, too, and many faces, and many naked feet, and many wooden shoes. The hands of the man who sawed the wood, left red marks on the billets; and the forehead of the woman who nursed her baby, was stained with the stain of the old rag she wound about her head again. Those who had been greedy with the staves of the cask, had acquired a tigerish smear about the mouth; and one tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it, scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy wine-lees—blood. † (Dickens, 29-30) Because of dickens use of personification, it helps readers really get a feel for the book. For example, the concept of hunger is described in Chapter 5, as staring down from the chimneys of the poor and rattling its dry bones. â€Å"Hunger. It was prevailed everywhere. Hunger was pushed out of the tall house, in the wretched clothing that hung upon poles and lines; hunger was patched into them with straw and rag and wood and paper. Hunger was repeated in every fragment of the small modicum of firewood that man sawed off; hunger started down from the smokeless chimneys and started up from the filthy street that had no official, among its refuse, of anything to eat. † (Dickens, 32)

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 3 DATE @ & Essays

Lory Ice Religions of the WorldJournal 3 DATE \@ MMMM d, y January 29, 2017 Native American history, unlike other past civilizations and cultures, had very little to no written documents. This made it difficult for historians to explain there past civilization and religions. The information that we do have today is based mostly on oral traditions, indigenous histories, and communication of stories from generation to generation. With this information the historians can conclude that there are common characteristics among the many different Native American religions, and tribes. Due to the wide range of Native American tribes all over the Americas. The Native's religions evolved to match the needs and lifestyles of the location of the individual tribes. Religious traditions of the Native people around the world tend to be heavily influenced by their methods of acquiring food, whether it be by hunting wild animals or by the agriculture. It is understood that Native A merican religions are polytheistic. Many tribes believe in the existence of a High God and multiple spirits. Most seem to believe that all nature is alive with spirits, and that each thing plants, and animals have a spirit. Earth Mother is at the heart of belief and is personified by thunder and lightning. Their High God, also referred to as the Supreme Being, would be called upon only in extreme instances seeing as he was considered separate from the concerns of earth. Matters of daily life where left for the nature spirits and sometimes ancestors. Native Americans have a great respect for nature and very seldomly ever abuse it. Hunting for example was a religious pursuit in which the hunter saw the animal as a fellow creature with a spirit. Before a hunt the hunter would pray to the spirit of the animal he was about to kill, and would only kill it if it was absolutely necessary. After the kill they would ask for forgiveness. They would use every part of the animal and leave nothi ng to waste.Religious practices and rituals were also made in order to pay respect to the spirits. Sacrifice was a way of pleasing the Gods. In the Aztec culture, human sacrifice played an important role in pleasing the Gods. For example people of the Great Plains held The Sun Dance. The Sun Dance would last several days, during which time the dancers would fast and pray for healing. Individuals would make personal sacrifices and sacrifices on behalf of their community. This was a way of acquiring the spiritual power necessary for human survival.Taboos also played a great part in the creation of religion. Taboos were avoided so that spirits would not be offended. An example, would be when women would menstruate. A menstruating woman was thought to be very powerful. During this time the woman is kept away from ordinary society. She was not allowed near men who where about to hunt, because it was thought that even a glance from the menstruating woman might destroy there ability to hun t.Another taboo that was widely observed was the avoidance of the dead. In some Australian cultures the dead are not referred to by their name directly as a mark of respect. This avoidance period may last as long as twelve months to several years, depending on how important the person was. The taboo had been enforced with extreme severity in some cultures. In the Native tribe Guajiro of Columbia, if you where to mention the dead before their family it was considered a dreadful offense, which was often punished by death. Native Americans would also conducted ceremonies and rituals to get in touch with the spiritual world. Songs, dancing, fasting and bathing where the most common way ceremonies where conducted. The natives would use dance as a means of contacting the spirits in preparation for special events. Dance was used to prepare the tribe for a hunt, war or agriculture. During these ceremonies the entire community would participate for long periods of time. With dance came song. The Native Americans would sing about the spirits of animals, while beating drums and sticks in a steady rhythm in a hypnotic way. The Natives would also preform ceremonies before and after a hunt to

Free Essays on Discrimination

Discrimination in America Discrimination in America is often overlooked. In the poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† I realized that American Indians are being discriminated against and stereotyped as someone their not. This poem makes me think of all the ways in which we as a society discriminate against the American Indians. Every day I see something that in some way discriminates against the American Indian. A big problem is professional sports teams with their logos and mascots, but there are also other things like television that really stereotype the American Indians. Actually, I’m not even going to call them American Indians anymore since they were here before America. Chrystos, in his poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† makes fair accusations and feels like he is being extremely discriminated against. â€Å"Saw young blond hippie boy with a red stone pipe/ My eyes burned him up/ He smiled This is a Sioux pipe he said from his sports car/ Yes I hiss Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m wondering how you got it/ and the name is Lakota not Sioux/ I’ll tell you he said all friendly & liberal as only/ those with no pain can be.†(Chrystos, 2-8). The young hippie boy in the poem doesn’t mean to be disrespectful, but he is. The nerve of that hippie to try and tell Chrystos what something from Chrystos’ heritage is. People are just being too ignorant to realize that Indians in our society are being treated like shit. In his poem, Chrystos is just asking for some respect for his race of people. He is disgusted that someone like the hippie and the man with a Haida design can be so ignorant to not even know that they are using and wearing sacred things. â€Å"Today was a day I wanted to beat up the smirking man wearing/ a pack with a Haida design from Moe’s bookstore/ Listen Moe’s How many Indians do you have working there?/ How much money are you sending the Haida people/ to use their sacred design?ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Discrimination Free Essays on Discrimination Discrimination in America Discrimination in America is often overlooked. In the poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† I realized that American Indians are being discriminated against and stereotyped as someone their not. This poem makes me think of all the ways in which we as a society discriminate against the American Indians. Every day I see something that in some way discriminates against the American Indian. A big problem is professional sports teams with their logos and mascots, but there are also other things like television that really stereotype the American Indians. Actually, I’m not even going to call them American Indians anymore since they were here before America. Chrystos, in his poem â€Å"Today Was a Bad Day Like TB,† makes fair accusations and feels like he is being extremely discriminated against. â€Å"Saw young blond hippie boy with a red stone pipe/ My eyes burned him up/ He smiled This is a Sioux pipe he said from his sports car/ Yes I hiss Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m wondering how you got it/ and the name is Lakota not Sioux/ I’ll tell you he said all friendly & liberal as only/ those with no pain can be.†(Chrystos, 2-8). The young hippie boy in the poem doesn’t mean to be disrespectful, but he is. The nerve of that hippie to try and tell Chrystos what something from Chrystos’ heritage is. People are just being too ignorant to realize that Indians in our society are being treated like shit. In his poem, Chrystos is just asking for some respect for his race of people. He is disgusted that someone like the hippie and the man with a Haida design can be so ignorant to not even know that they are using and wearing sacred things. â€Å"Today was a day I wanted to beat up the smirking man wearing/ a pack with a Haida design from Moe’s bookstore/ Listen Moe’s How many Indians do you have working there?/ How much money are you sending the Haida people/ to use their sacred design?ï ¿ ½...

Critically discuss the reasons why organisations outsource IT Essay

Critically discuss the reasons why organisations outsource IT - Essay Example This is followed by a critical analysis of the main issues that organizations need to address when managing relationships with their IT outsourcing partners. Organizations base their IT outsourcing decisions on a number of factors; however, the most common reason for outsourcing IT functions to a professional IT vendor is that it enables organizations to focus on their core area of expertise. Heikkila and Cordon (2002) have identified this and other reasons behind organizations’ decision to outsource IT. For instance, outsourcing the IT function frees up the limited capital of small and medium-sized organizations to invest in core competence areas. Firms that do not have skilled IT professionals can benefit from the expertise offered by outsourcing service providers. Despite rigorous analysis of all these factors and effective decision making by the organization, the outcome of the outsourcing arrangement depends largely on how the decision is implemented. Therefore, it is important that the implications of each step in the implementation process are identified and contingencies are provided for in advance to realize the intended benefits of IT outsourcing. Organizations may also be motivated to outsource their IT function because of the value it may add to the performance of some of their core functions. Such organizations may have a critical value for IT but may not possess the skills and resources to extract that kind of value from their IT assets. Davis and Golicic (2010) explain how information systems play a crucial role in the supply chain relationship of some organizations. By making information about market needs and stock levels to partners throughout the supply chain, information systems enable organizations to manage their distribution and transport systems more efficiently. Demand levels can be met more accurately and develop a market orientation. Sundaram, Schwarz and Jones (2007) discuss the motivation underlying organizations’ decision to

Someone I Admire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Someone I Admire - Essay Example Guglielmo was involved in a scandal called the Italian Navy Coherer Scandal; it is believed that he stole the work of Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian who is very renowned for his contribution in the field of Science. This happened because Jagadish Chandra Bose’s work could not be accepted because of the British rule, the British Administration made sure that his work never got published and it is very strongly believed that Guglielmo stole the work of Jagdish and came to the limelight. Guglielmo had a keen interest in Science and especially in Electricity right from the early years. During the time of Guglielmo the invention of the electromagnetic waves took place and this was invented by Heinrich Hertz. The death of Hertz threw more light upon his discoveries, and this further intrigued Guglielmo, who got very motivated and decided to invent something unseen by the world. He conducted experiments by setting up his own devices and material required to carry out the experiment . His main goal was to use radio waves to create wireless telegraphy. This meant that the transmission of the wireless messages got across without using any wires. The Development of the Invention  This was not a new subject that Guglielmo was working on, research had been already done on this subject, and he just utilized whatever had been researched about the subject. Guglielmo used many important parts in this experiment. Parts like oscillator, spark producing radio transmitters, a telegraph key were used in his experiments. Other researchers also used the spark-gap transmitters, but they could not get the transmission to cover a long range, the transmission usually covered a few hundred meters. The case was no different for Guglielmo; he also got limited transmission when he first attempted the experiment. But at a later stage he experimented outdoors, he increased the length of the transmitter and the radio antenna, which resulted in a very big success. The transmission impro ved drastically and he was able to transmit signals with a range of roughly about 1.5 kilometers. He concluded that he required funding to invent a device which could take this forward. He believed that this experiment would be very useful if it becomes an invention to the military personnel as they would be able to transmit signals easily. When he was close to inventing what he had dreamt of all his life, he realized that Italy was not the right place to be in. He moved to London along with his Mother at the age of 21 to pursue the invention. 1897 was the year when Guglielmo sent the first ever wireless communication and this was done over Sea. The approximate distance covered by the signal was about 6 kilometers; the message which he sent read â€Å"Are you ready†. This was a good enough invention to receive international attention; this work quickly caught the eye of the international people associated with the same field. â€Å"Marconi sailed to the United States at the invitation of the New York Herald