Monday, May 25, 2020

Major General George Pickett in the Civil War

Major General George E. Pickett was a noted Confederate division commander during the Civil War. A West Point graduate, he took part in the Mexican-American War and distinguished himself at the Battle of Chapultepec. With the beginning of the Civil War, Pickett joined the Confederate Army and was later wounded at the Battle of Gainess Mill in June 1862. Returning to action that fall, he took command of a division in Lieutenant General James Longstreets corps. An effective and charismatic leader, his men earned fame during the final phases of the Battle of Gettysburg when they were part on an assault on the Union lines. Picketts career was effectively ended by his defeat at the Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865. Early Life George Edward Pickett was born January 16/25/28, 1825 (the precise date is disputed) at Richmond, VA. The eldest child of Robert and Mary Pickett, he was raised at the familys Turkey Island plantation in Henrico County. Educated locally, Pickett later traveled to Springfield, IL to study law. While there, he befriended Representative John T. Stuart and may have had some contact with a young Abraham Lincoln. In 1842, Stuart secured an appointment to West Point for Pickett and the young man left his legal studies to pursue a military career. Arriving at the academy, Picketts classmates included future comrades and adversaries such George B. McClellan, George Stoneman, Thomas J. Jackson, and Ambrose P. Hill. West Point Mexico Though well-liked by his classmates, Pickett proved a poor student and was better known for his antics. A renowned prankster, he was viewed as someone of ability but who only sought to study enough to graduate. As a result of this mentality, Pickett graduated last in his class of 59 in 1846. While being the class goat often led to short or inglorious career, Pickett quickly benefited from the outbreak of the Mexican-American War. Posted to the 8th US Infantry, he took part in Major General Winfield Scotts campaign against Mexico City. Landing with Scotts army, he first saw fighting at the Siege of Vera Cruz. As the army moved inland, he took part in the actions at Cerro Gordo and Churubusco. On September 13, 1847, Pickett came to prominence during the Battle of Chapultepec which saw American forces capture a key fortification and break through Mexico Citys defenses. Advancing, Pickett was the first American soldier to reach the top of Chapultepec Castles walls. Battle of Chapultepec. Photograph Source: Public Domain In the course of the action, he retrieved his units colors when his future commander, James Longstreet, was wounded in the thigh. For his service in Mexico, Pickett received a brevet promotion to captain. With the end of the war, he was assigned to the 9th US Infantry for service on the frontier. Promoted to first lieutenant in 1849, he married Sally Harrison Minge, the  great-great-grandniece of William Henry Harrison, in January 1851. Frontier Duty Their union proved short-lived as she died in childbirth while Pickett was posted at Fort Gates in Texas. Promoted to captain in March 1855, he spent a brief period at Fort Monroe, VA before being sent west for service in the Washington Territory. The following year, Pickett oversaw the construction of Fort Bellingham overlooking Bellingham Bay. While there, he married a local Haida woman, Morning Mist, who gave birth to a son, James Tilton Pickett, in 1857. As with his past marriage, his wife died a short time later. In 1859, he received orders to occupy San Juan Island with Company D, 9th US Infantry in response to a growing border dispute with the British known as the Pig War. This had commenced when an American farmer, Lyman Cutler, had shot a pig belonging to the Hudsons Bay Company which had broken into his garden. As the situation with the British escalated, Pickett was able to hold his position and deterred a British landing. After he was reinforced, Scott arrived to negotiate a settlement. Joining the Confederacy In the wake of Lincolns election in 1860 and the firing on Fort Sumter the following April, Virginia seceded from the Union. Learning of this, Pickett left the West Coast with the goal of serving his home state and resigned his US Army commission on June 25, 1861. Arriving after the First Battle of Bull Run, he accepted a commission as a major in the Confederate service. Given his West Point training and Mexican service, he was quickly promoted to colonel and assigned to the Rappahannock Line of the Department of Fredericksburg. Commanding from a black charger he dubbed Old Black, Pickett was also known for his immaculate appearance and his flashy, finely tailored uniforms. Fast Facts: Major General George Pickett Rank: Major GeneralService: US Army, Confederate ArmyBorn: January 16/25/28, 1825 in Richmond, VADied: July 30, 1875 in Norfolk, VAParents: Robert and Mary PickettSpouse: Sally Harrison Minge, Morning Mist, LaSalle Sallie Corbell  Conflicts: Mexican-American War, Civil WarKnown For: Peninsula Campaign, Battle of Chancellorsville, Battle of Gettysburg, Battle of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, Siege of Petersburg, Battle of Five Forks The Civil War Serving under Major General Theophilus H. Holmes, Pickett was able to use his superiors influence to receive a promotion to brigadier general on January 12, 1862. Assigned to lead a brigade in Longstreets command, he performed competently during the Peninsula Campaign and took part in the fighting at Williamsburg and Seven Pines. With the ascension of  General Robert E. Lee to command of the army, Pickett returned to battle during the opening engagements of the Seven Days Battles in late June. In the fighting at Gaines Mill on June 27, 1862, he was hit in the shoulder. This injury necessitated a three-month leave to recover and he missed the Second Manassas and Antietam campaigns. Rejoining the Army of Northern Virginia, he was given command of a division in Longstreets Corps that September and was promoted to major general the following month. General James Longstreet, CSA. Photograph Source: Public Domain In December, Picketts men saw little action during the victory at the Battle of Fredericksburg. In the spring of 1863, the division was detached for service in the Suffolk Campaign and missed the Battle of Chancellorsville. While in Suffolk, Pickett met and fell in love with LaSalle Sallie Corbell. The two would be wed on November 13 and later had two children. Picketts Charge During the Battle of Gettysburg, Pickett was initially tasked with guarding the armys lines of communication through Chambersburg, PA. As a result, it did not reach the battlefield until the evening of July 2. During the previous days fighting, Lee had unsuccessfully assaulted the Union flanks south of Gettysburg. For July 3, he planned an attack on the Union center. For this he requested that Longstreet assemble a force consisting of Picketts fresh troops, as well as battered divisions from Lieutenant General A.P. Hills corps. Moving forward after a protracted artillery bombardment, Pickett rallied his men with the cry of, Up, Men, and to your posts! Dont forget today that you are from Old Virginia! Pushing across a wide field, his men neared the Union lines before being bloodily repulsed. In the fighting, all three of Picketts brigade commanders were killed or wounded, with only Brigadier General Lewis Armisteads men actually piercing the Union line. With his division shattered, Pickett was inconsolable over the loss of his men. Falling back, Lee instructed Pickett to rally his division in case of a Union counterattack. To this order, Pickett is often quoted as replying General Lee, I have no division. The Battle of Gettysburg. Photograph Courtesy of the Library of Congress Though the failed attack is more accurately known as Longstreets Assault or the Pickett-Pettigrew-Trimble Assault, it quickly earned the name Picketts Charge in the Virginia newspapers as he was the only Virginian of high rank to take part. In the wake of Gettysburg, his career began a steady decline despite receiving no criticism from Lee regarding the attack. Following the Confederate withdrawal to Virginia, Pickett was re-assigned to lead the Department of Southern Virginia and North Carolina. Later Career In the spring, he was given command of a division in the Richmond defenses where he served under General P.G.T. Beauregard. After seeing action during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign, his men were assigned to support Lee during the Battle of Cold Harbor. Remaining with Lees army, Pickett took part in the Siege of Petersburg that summer, fall, and winter. In late March, Pickett was tasked with holding the critical crossroads of Five Forks. On April 1, his men were defeated at the Battle of Five Forks, while he was two miles away enjoying a shad bake. The loss at Five Forks effectively undermined the Confederate position at Petersburg, forcing Lee to retreat west. During the retreat to Appomattox, Lee may have issued orders relieving Pickett. Sources conflict on this point, but regardless Pickett remained with the army until its final surrender on April 9, 1865. Paroled with the rest of the army, he briefly fled to Canada only to return in 1866. Settling in Norfolk with his wife Sallie (married November 13, 1863), he worked as an insurance agent. As with many former US Army officers who had resigned and gone south, he had difficulty obtaining a pardon for his Confederate service during the war. This was finally issued on June 23, 1874. Pickett died on July 30, 1875, and was buried in Richmonds Hollywood Cemetery.

Thursday, May 14, 2020

The Different Types of Charts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 920 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/16 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Area Chart Figure 1: Area chart Use it to * Display over time (or any other dimension): * How a set of data adds up to a whole (cumulated totals) * Which part of the whole each element represents Variants * Percentage: The sum always represents 100% (relative scale) * Cumulative: The sum can vary according to the elements (absolute scale) Column/Bar Chart Use it to * Present few data over a nominal (e. g. countries, testing conditions, or interval scale (e. g. time); useful for comparisons of data Do not Use it for * Comparisons: Better use one-dimensional scatterplots, because these are not dominated by bars or columns. * Larger data sets: Use line charts. Selecting Bars or Columns * Use analogy as a selection criterion, if applicable; when in doubt, use columns * Use a horizontal bar chart if the labels are too long to fit under the columns Variants Multiple Column/Bar Chart: Use it to present data rows for several variables * Side-by-Side Chart: Use it to (1) show contras ting trends between levels of an independent variable, (2) if comparisons between individual pairs of values are most important; do not use for more than two independent variables | | | Figure 2: Multiple column chart (left), side-by-side chart (right) Segmented Column/Bar Chart Other Names: Divided or stacked column/bar chart Figure 3: Segmented column chart (relative values) Use it to * Present a part-whole relation over time (with accurate impression, see below) * Show proportional relationships over time * Display wholes which are levels on a nominal scale Segmented column/bar charts are more accurate than pie chart, because distances can be more accurately estimated than areas. Frequency Polygon, Histograms Figure 4: Histogram as frequency distribution Variants Polygon: Connects data points through straight lines or higher order graphs * Histogram: Columns/bars touch; useful for larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Staircase Chart: Display s only the silhouette of the histogram; useful for even larger sets of data points, typically used for frequency distributions * Step chart: Use it to illustrate trends among more than two members of nominal or ordinal scales; do not use it for two or more variables or levels of a single variable (hard to read) * Pyramid histogram: Two mirror histograms; use it for comparisons Line Chart Figure 5: Line chart Use it * To display long data rows * To interpolate between data points * To extrapolate beyond known data values (forecast) * To compare different graphs * To find and compare trends (changes over time) * To recognize correlations and covariations between variables * If the X axis requires an interval scale * To display interactions over two levels on the X axis * When convention defines meaningful patterns (e. g. a zigzag line) Line graphs may consist of line or curved segments: Lines: Use straight lines to connect real data points * Curves: Use curves to represent function al relations between data points or to interpolate data Do not Use it * If the X axis has non-numeric values Variants * Graph with double-logarithmic or half-logarithmic scale divisions * Graph with variance bars, stock charts (High/Low/Close) etc. Pie Chart Figure 6: Pie chart Use it to * convey approximate proportional relationships (relative amounts) at a point in time * compare part of a whole at a given point in time Exploded: emphasize a small proportion of parts Do not Use it * For exact comparisons of values, because estimating angles is difficult for people. * For rank data:Â  Use column/bar charts in this case; use multiple column/bar charts for grouped data * If proportions vary greatly; do not use multiple pies to compare corresponding parts. Caution! * Pie charts cannot represent values beyond 100%. * Each pie chart is valid for one point in time only. * Pie charts are only suited to presenting quite a few percentage values. Angles are harder to estimate for people th an distances; perspective pie charts are even harder to interpret. Scatterplot | | | Figure 7: One-dimensional scatterplot (left), two-dimensional scatterplot (right) Variants 1. One-dimensional scatterplot: Data point are drawn above a baseline (as in column/bar charts). Here the data points are not connected but remain isolated data points. 2. Two-dimensional scatter plot: Shows correlation between two data sets. This chart type has two dependent variables: One is plotted along the X axis, the other along the Y axis; the independent variable is the intersection of both dependent variables, realized as a data point in the diagram. Use it to * Show measurements over time (one-dimensional scatterplot) * Convey an overall impression of the relation between two variables (Two-dimensional scatterplot) Do not Use it for * Determining and comparing trends, interpolation, extrapolation, recognition and comparison of change rates * More than one independent variable: Avoid illustrating m ore than one independent variable in a scatter plot A histogram typically shows the quantity of points that fall within various numeric ranges (or bins). * A bar chart uses bars to show frequencies or values for different categories. * A pie chart shows percentage values as a slice of a pie. * A line chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot of ordered observations where the observations are connected following their order. * A bubble chart is a two-dimensional scatterplot where a third variable is represented by the size of the points. A Polar area diagram, sometimes called a Coxcomb chart developed by Florence Nightingale is an enhanced form of pie chart. * A radar chart or spider chart is a two-dimensional chart of three or more quantitative variables represented on axes starting from the same point. * A waterfall chart also known as a Walk chart, is a special type of floating-column chart. * A Tree Map where the areas of the rectangles correspond to values. Other dimensions can be represented with colour or hue. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Different Types of Charts" essay for you Create order

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Race, Racism, Or Ethnicity - 1559 Words

The notion of race is prevalent in every society. Rather it is consciously or unconsciously, the idea of race is shaping our everyday lives, from the day we were born, to the one we will die, in school, at work, or simply in the supermarket. Historically, as well as in Contemporary societies, the term race is a rather controversial one, and has raised many questions, due to its lack of proper definition and mostly because of its negative connotations. Associated with ethnicity or racism, it created a lifelong debate about whether or not races are socially constructed. The aim of this essay will be firstly to establish clear definitions of words such as race, racism, or ethnicity, and secondly to explain the evolution of racism, from scientific racism to colour blind racism through the work of ideologists such as Gobineau and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva. In order to provide a clear understanding of racism and its evolution throughout the centuries, definitions of few essential ideas are to be explained. Biologically speaking, races does not exist. According to Cornell and Hartmann (1998), they have been created through social interactions and does not exist outside of those. Although the notion of race does not have a definition agreed by all, Winant s definition should be accepted by most of us. He described races as being the symbol of socio-political conflicts and interests in reference to different type of human bodies (2000). As Guillaumin said, Races doShow MoreRelatedRacism, Race, And Ethnicity1406 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they were expressing three theories on race and ethnicity: the Human Ecology, Social Darwinist, and Culture of Poverty perspectives were all intermingled in the conversation. Recently, race relations has been a topic for debate in the United States, with many saying that racism is a thing of the past. However, based upon my family’s debate, and the many sources that research the issues, it can be seen that the topic of racism, race, and ethnicity are all still relevant topics in America. MyRead MoreThe Race, Racialization, Ethnicity And Racism1384 Words   |  6 Pagesprepare a Dictionary of Races of Races or People. W.E.B. Du Bois observed in the late 1930s that no scientific definition of race is possible. He said Race is a dynamic and not a static conception, and that typical races are continually changing and developing, amalgamating and differentiating. What Du Bois meant in layman’s term was that it is impossible to characterize people based on measurements. Orser begins his book by talking about Race, Racialization, Ethnicity and Racism. Orser says that itRead MoreThe Difference Between Race And Racism Essay1037 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding the difference between race and racism is a very controversial topic. 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This isRead MoreThe Oxford Dictionary Defines Racism As â€Å"Prejudice, Discrimination,1133 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior.† If further defines the same as â€Å"The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† (Oxford Dictionaries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationalityRead MoreRace And Ethnicity : Race866 Words   |  4 Pages Race† is a complex word that has a variety of definitions, and one of the definitions in the dictionary lists it as a group of people that share a similar lifestyle, culture, tradition, history, etc. In reality, race itself is ambiguous and can be interpreted in many ways. 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Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenon, ethnicity is belonging

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

A Tale of Two Cities Symbolism free essay sample

An example of symbolism AND imagery is the broken wine cask. As dickens describes the scene outside of Defarge’s wine shop and all the scrambled people, he is able to create a symbol of hunger. I think this hunger is not only the peasant’s starvation, but also metaphorically for political freedoms. For instance, the narrative directly associates the wine with blood, noting that some of the peasants have acquired â€Å"a tigerish smear about the mouth† and portraying a drunken figure scrawling the word â€Å"blood† on the wall with a wine-dipped finger. As he shows such a strong symbol, the imagery is what makes the readers feel like they are actually in the book. The way he describes the setting is horrifying, yet intriguing, which is one of many ways he makes the symbol stand out. â€Å"The wine was red wine, and had stained the ground of the narrow street in the suburb of Saint Antoine, in Paris, where it was spilled. We will write a custom essay sample on A Tale of Two Cities Symbolism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It had stained many hands, too, and many faces, and many naked feet, and many wooden shoes. The hands of the man who sawed the wood, left red marks on the billets; and the forehead of the woman who nursed her baby, was stained with the stain of the old rag she wound about her head again. Those who had been greedy with the staves of the cask, had acquired a tigerish smear about the mouth; and one tall joker so besmirched, his head more out of a long squalid bag of a night-cap than in it, scrawled upon a wall with his finger dipped in muddy wine-lees—blood. † (Dickens, 29-30) Because of dickens use of personification, it helps readers really get a feel for the book. For example, the concept of hunger is described in Chapter 5, as staring down from the chimneys of the poor and rattling its dry bones. â€Å"Hunger. It was prevailed everywhere. Hunger was pushed out of the tall house, in the wretched clothing that hung upon poles and lines; hunger was patched into them with straw and rag and wood and paper. Hunger was repeated in every fragment of the small modicum of firewood that man sawed off; hunger started down from the smokeless chimneys and started up from the filthy street that had no official, among its refuse, of anything to eat. † (Dickens, 32)